- Bread and butter____liked by Westerners.
- Joseph was very lucky____with his life ; he almost did not get out of the room.
- You____that letter to James. However ， you didn't.
- Although____Spanish， he attended the course.
- TEXT DPersonality is ，to large extent, inherent --A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. But theenvironment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is improtant to the parents, it is likely tobecome a major factor lives of their children.One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitiveinstitution. Too many schools adopt the "win at all costs" moral standard and measure their success by sportingachievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clockproduces a two-layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows.Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences:remember that Pheidippides ,the first marathon runner,dropped dead seconds after saying:"Rejoice, we conquer!".By far the worst form of competition in school is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations . It is a rareschool that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well.The merits of competition by examinationare somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into 'B's. The would needs types,and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possible future employment. It is topmanagement.16.According to the author, what factors contribute to the building of personality?A. inheritanceb. inheritance, competition and environmentc. competitiond. environment17.Which of the following statements is not true according to the author of the passage?A.Schools usually adopt severe competitive policies.B. Students are often divided by competition results.C. School is place where children cultivate their characteristics.D. The stronger desire for winning, the better.18.The phrase "soak up" is closest in meaning to ____.A. pull upb. take upc. take ind. pull in19.What attitude does the author hold toward examinations in schools?A. positiveb. negativec. doubtfuld. neutral20.what suggestion does the author make concerning the management of schools?A. All students be made into competitive A types.B. A child's personality be considered in regard to his possible future job.C. All students be changed into B characteristics.D. Schools abolish all forms of examinations.
- TEXT CThere are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with.Human brains differ considerably , some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he hasto begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So thesecond factor is what happens to the individual— the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If anindividual is handicapped(不利 ) environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will neverattain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they wereplaced in separate foster(抚养) homes. Peter was raised by parents of low intelligence in an isolated communitywith poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulatedintellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they weregiven tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I. Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average andfully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains,would have tested at roughly the same level.11.This selection can best be titled____________.A. Measuring Your IntelligenceB. Intelligence and EnvironmentC. The Case of Peter and MarkD. How the Brain Influences Intelligence12.The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that _______.A. human brains differ considerablyB. the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligenceC. environment is crucial in determining a person's intelligenceD. persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence13.According to the passage, the average I. Q. is_______.A. 85 . B. 100 C. 110 D. 12514.The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that_______.A. individuals with identical brains seldom test at the same level B. an individual's intelligence is determined only by his environmentC. lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenceD. changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain15.This passage suggests that an individual's I. Q. _______.A. can be predicted at birthB. stays the same throughout his lifeC. can be increased by educationD. is determined by his childhood
- TEXT BWhat we know of prenatal development makes all this attempt made by a mother to mold the character of her unborn child by studying poetry, art, or mathematics during pregnancy seem utterly impossible. How couldsuch extremely complex influences pass from the mother to the child? There is no connection between theirnervous systems. Even the blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly. An emotional shock to themother will affect her child, because it changes the activity of her glands and so the chemistry her blood. Any chemical change in the mother's blood will affect the child for better or worse. But we can not see how a lookingfor mathematics or poetic genius can be dissolved in blood and produce a similar liking or genius in the child.In our discussion of instincts we saw that there was reason to believe that whatever we inherit must be ofsome very simple sort rather than any complicated or very definite kind of behavior. It is certain that no oneinherits a knowledge of mathematics. It may be, however, that children inherit more or less of a rather generalability that we may call intelligence. If very intelligent children become deeply interested in mathematics, theywill probably make a success of that study.As for musical ability, it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of thehands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn themovements a musician must execute, and particularly vigorous emotions. If these factors are all organizedaround music, the child may become a musician. The same factors, in other circumstance might be organizedabout some other center of interest. The rich emotional equipment might find expression in poetry. The capablefingers might develop skill in surgery. It is not the knowledge of music that is inherited, then nor even the love ofit, but a certain bodily structure that makes it comparatively easy to acquire musical knowledge and skill.Whether that ability shall be directed toward music or some other undertaking may be decided entirely by forcesin the environment in which a child grows up.6.Which of the following statements is not true?A. Some mothers try to influence their unborn children by studying art and other subjects during theirpregnancy.B. It is utterly impossible for us to learn anything about prenatal development.C. The blood vessels of mother and child do not join directly.D. There are no connection between mother's nervous systems and her unborn child's.7.A mother will affect her unborn baby on the condition that ____.A. she is emotionally shockedB.she has a good knowledge of inheritanceC. she takes part in all kind of activitiesD. she sticks to studying8.According to the passage, a child may inherit____.A. everything from his mother B. a knowledge of mathematicsC. a rather general ability that we call intelligenceD. her mother's musical ability9.If a child inherits something from his mother, such as an especially sensitive ear, a peculiar structure of thehands or of the vocal organs, he will ____.A. surely become musicianB. mostly become a poetC. possibly become a teacherD. become a musician on the condition that all these factors are organized around music10.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Role of Inheritance.B. An Unborn Child.C. Function of instincts.D. Inherited Talents.
- PART VREADING COMPREHENSIONIn this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each withfour suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.TEXT ARacket, din clamor, noise, whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is America's most widespreadnuisance. But noise is more than just a nuisance. It constitutes a real and present danger to people's health. Dayand night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and psychological stress. No one isimmune to this stress. Though we seem to adjust to noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and thebody still responds— sometimes with extreme tension, as to a strange sound in the night.The annoyance we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward symptom of the stress buildingup inside us. Indeed, because irritability is so apparent, legislators have made public annoyance the basis ofmany noise abatement programs. The more subtle and more serious health hazards associated with stresscaused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Nevertheless, when we are annoyed or madeirritable by noise, we should consider these symptoms fair warning that other thing may be happening to us,some of which may be damaging to our health.Of many health hazards to noise, hearing loss is the most clearly observable and measurable by healthprofessionals. The other hazards are harder to pin down. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to thestress of noise increases susceptibility to disease and infection. The more susceptible among us may experiencenoise as a complicating factor in heart problems and other diseases. Noise that causes annoyance and irritabilityin health persons may have serious consequences for these already ill in mind or body.Noise affects us throughout our lives. For example, there are indications of effects on the unborn child whenmothers are exposed to industrial and environmental noise. During infancy and childhood, youngsters exposedto high noise levels may have trouble falling asleep and obtaining necessary amounts of rest.Why, then, is there not greater alarm about these dangers? Perhaps it is because the link between noise andmany disabilities or diseases has not yet been conclusively demonstrated. Perhaps it is because we tend todismiss annoyance as a price to pay for living in the modern world. It may also be because we still think ofhearing loss as only an occupational hazard.1.In Paragraph 1, the phrase "immune to" are used to mean ___.A.unaffected byB.hurt byC.unlikely to be seen byD.unknown by2.The author's attitude toward noise would best be described as ___.A.unrealisticB.traditionalC.concernedD.hysterical3.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?A.Noise is a major problem; most people recognize its importance.B.Although noise can be annoying, it is not a major problem.C.Noise is a major problem and has not yet been recognized as such.D.Noise is a major problem about which nothing can be done.4.The author condemns noise essentially because it ___.A.is against the lawB.can make some people irritableC.is a nuisanceD.in a ganger to people's health5.The author would probably consider research about the effects noise has on people to be ___.A.unimportantB.impossible.C.a waste of moneyD.essential
- The old man should be treated with____.
- The children should go to school instead of to support their families.
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